Merial is the world's leading producer of animal rabies vaccines, as well as a partner. Preventive animal vaccination campaigns. 2018-11-30 Manufacturer: Merial Rabies Vaccine. Live Canarypox Vector. DESCRIPTION: PUREVAX ® Feline Rabies contains a nonadjuvanted lyophilized suspension of a recombinant vectored rabies vaccine plus a sterile water diluent. A canarypox vector has been modified, using recombinant technology, to produce expression of desired antigens capable of stimulating a.
Vaccine description | |
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Target disease | Rabies |
Type | Killed/Inactivated |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Imovax Rabies, RabAvert, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a607023 |
Routes of administration | Intramuscular injection |
ATC code | |
Identifiers | |
ChemSpider |
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Rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies.[1] There are a number of vaccines available that are both safe and effective.[1] They can be used to prevent rabies before and for a period of time after exposure to the virus such as by a dog or bat bite.[1] The immunity that develops is long lasting after a full course.[1] Doses are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle.[1] After exposure vaccination is typically used along with rabies immunoglobulin.[1] It is recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential exposure.[1] Vaccines are effective in humans and other animals.[1] Vaccinating dogs is very effective in preventing the spread of rabies to humans.[1]
Rabies vaccines may be safely used in all age groups.[1] About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief period of redness and pain at the injection site.[1] About 5 to 15 percent of people may have fever, headaches, or nausea.[1] After exposure to rabies there is no contraindication to its use.[1] Most vaccines do not contain thimerosal.[1] Vaccines made from nerve tissue are used in a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, but are less effective and have greater side effects.[1] Their use is thus not recommended by the World Health Organization.[1]
The first rabies vaccine was introduced in 1885, and was followed by an improved version in 1908.[2] Millions of people globally have been vaccinated and it is estimated that this saves more than 250,000 people a year.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[3] The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 44 and 78 USD for a course of treatment as of 2014.[4] In the United States a course of rabies vaccine is more than 750 USD.[5]
- 1Medical uses
- 4Veterinary use
Medical uses[edit]
The World Health Organization recommends vaccinating in those who are at high risk of the disease including children who live in areas where it is common.[1] Three doses are given over a one-month period.[1]
Additional doses[edit]
Immunity following a course of doses is typically long lasting.[1] Additional doses are not typically needed except in those at very high risk.[1] Following administration of a booster dose, one study found 97% of immuno-competent individuals demonstrate protective levels of neutralizing antibodies at 10 years.[6]
Types[edit]
The human diploid cell rabies vaccine (H.D.C.V.) was started in 1967. Human diploid cell rabies vaccines are inactivated vaccines made using the attenuated Pitman-Moore L503 strain of the virus.[7] Human diploid cell rabies vaccines have been given to more than 1.5 million people as of 2006.[citation needed]
In addition to these developments, newer and less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine, and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine are now available. The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine uses the attenuated Wistar strain of the rabies virus, and uses the Vero cell line as its host.
History[edit]
Virtually all infections with rabies resulted in death until two French scientists, Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux, developed the first rabies vaccination in 1885. This vaccine was first used on a human on July 6, 1885, on nine-year-old Joseph Meister (1876–1940), who had been mauled by a rabid dog.[8]
Their vaccine consisted of a sample of the virus harvested from infected (and necessarily dead) rabbits that was weakened by allowing it to dry for 5 to 10 days. Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used now in some countries, and while they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines, they are not as effective.[9] Neural tissue vaccines also carry a certain risk of neurological complications.[10]
Veterinary use[edit]
Baits with vaccine for oral vaccination
Machine for distribution of baits from airplane
Pre-exposure immunization has been used on domesticated and wild populations. In many jurisdictions, domestic dogs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits are required to be vaccinated.
Dogs[edit]
Aside from vaccinating humans, another approach was also developed by vaccinating dogs to prevent the spread of the virus. In 1979 the Van Houweling Research Laboratory of the Silliman University Medical Center in Dumaguete in the Philippines,[11] developed and produced a dog vaccine that gave a three-year immunity from rabies. The development of the vaccine resulted in the elimination of rabies in many parts of the Visayas and Mindanao Islands. The successful program in the Philippines was later used as a model by other countries, such as Ecuador and the Yucatan State of Mexico, in their fight against rabies conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization.[12]
In Tunisia a rabies control program was initiated to give dog owners free vaccination to promote mass vaccination which was sponsored by their government. The vaccine is known as Rabisin (Mérial), which is a cell based rabies vaccine only used countrywide. Vaccinations are often administered when owners take in their dogs for check-ups and visits at the vet.[13]
Wild animals[edit]
There is also vaccination in pellet form which can be left out for wild animals to produce a herd immunity effect.[14] Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is a preventive measure to eradicate rabies in wild animal vectors of disease, mainly foxes, raccoons, raccoon dogs, coyotes and jackals, but also can be used for dogs in developing countries.[15] Baits are distributed by airplanes in rural areas and by hand in urban and suburban areas.The idea of wildlife vaccination was conceived during the 1960s, and modified-live rabies viruses were used for the experimental oral vaccination of carnivores by the 1970s. The development of safe and effective rabies virus vaccines applied in attractive baits resulted in the first field trials in Switzerland in 1978 to immunize red foxes.[16] ORV programs have seen success in preventing the westward spread of raccoon variant rabies in the United States and even eradicating rabies in red foxes in Switzerland.[17][18]
Imrab is an example of a veterinary rabies vaccine containing the Pasteur strain of killed rabies virus. Several different types of Imrab exist, including Imrab, Imrab 3, and Imrab Large Animal. Imrab 3 has been approved for ferrets and, in some areas, pet skunks.[19][20] The reason why these oral vaccines that enter the body through the GI tract are able to convey resistance to rabies is due to the usage of a live human adenovirus type 5 vector. Adenovirus, a common viral pathogen that infects the GI tract and causes diarrhea is genetically altered to express rabies surface proteins, thereby allowing the adenovirus to infect GI tract cells. This enables the viral vector to infect cells in the GI and stimulate a cellular and humoral response that would provide immunity in the case of being bitten by an infected animal and being infected via blood.
References[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstu'Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper'(PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. 32 (85): 309–320. Aug 6, 2010. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2015-02-27.
- ^Nunnally, Brian (2014). Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer. p. 63. ISBN9783662450246. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ^'WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)'(PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^'Vaccine, Rabies'. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
- ^Shlim, David (June 30, 2015). 'Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization'. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
- ^STATEMENT ON TRAVELLERS AND RABIES VACCINE
- ^'Rabies - Human Vaccines'. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^Geison GL (1978). 'Pasteur's work on rabies: Reexamining the ethical issues diagnosis for developing countries'. Hastings Center Report. The Hastings Center. 8 (April): 26–. doi:10.2307/3560403. JSTOR3560403. PMID348641.
- ^Plotkin, Stanley A. (1980). 'Rabies Vaccine Prepared in Human Cell Cultures: Progress and Perspectives'. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 2 (3): 433–448. doi:10.1093/clinids/2.3.433.
- ^Srivastava AK, Sardana V, Prasad K, Behari M; Sardana; Prasad; Behari (March 2004). 'Diagnostic dilemma in flaccid paralysis following anti-rabies vaccine'. Neurol India. 52 (1): 132–3. PMID15069272. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'Dr. George W. Beran's Biography'Archived April 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. World Rabies Day. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^'One World, One Health Rabies'Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine.OneHealthInitiative.com. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^Touihri; Zaouia, I.; Elhili, K.; Dellagi, K.; Bahloul, C. (23 Dec 2009). 'Evaluation of Mass Vaccination Campaign Coverage Against Rabies in Dogs in Tunisia'. Zoonoses and Public Health. Institut Pasteur de Tunis and Blackwell Verlag GmbH. 58 (2): 110–8. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01306.x. PMID20042063.
- ^'CDC - Signs and Symptoms - Rabies'. www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-11-09. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Slate D. 'Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control'. Dev Biol (Basel). 119: 173–84. PMID15742629.
- ^'Oral Rabies Vaccine Project – Environmental Epidemiology'. www.vdh.virginia.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- ^'Switzerland's Kind of Gross, Incredibly Effective Anti-Rabies Weapon | Now I Know'. nowiknow.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-12. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
- ^MerialArchived April 9, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Aspen Skunk Rabies Research, Inc.Archived May 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies_vaccine&oldid=898268857'
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MERIAL Imrab 3 - Heartland Vet Supply & Pharmacy
Imrab-3 by Merial is a rabies vaccine that is recommended for the vaccination of horses against rabies. Login ... Imrab-3 is a rabies vaccine that is recommended for the vaccination of horses against rabies. 5 dose, ... please contact us within 30 days.
IMRAB 3 for Animal Use - Drugs.com
Company: Merial Rabies Vaccine. Killed Virus. Rabies 3 Year. DESCRIPTION: IMRAB ® 3 contains the same virus strain that is used in the Pasteur Merieux Connaught human vaccine. The virus is grown in a stable cell line, inactivated, and mixed with a safe and potent adjuvant.
Vaccinate Your Pet - Vaccinations save lives.
On this site, you will find information about vaccines that are designed to help protect your pet. For more information about Boehringer Ingleheim and other products that help dogs and cats live healthy lives, visit www.merial.com.
MERIAL Imrab - Heartland Vet Supply & Pharmacy
IMRAB ® from Merial is the world’s leading rabies vaccine. IMRAB offers many unique advantages to veterinarians — and the animals in their care: IMRAB has been widely used for more than 20 years — with millions of animals protected against rabies. Highly purified, inactivated virus used in vaccine production.
Vaccines for Dogs | Vaccinations save lives.
Vaccines for Dogs Help protect the dogs and puppies you love. Get them vaccinated. Dogs and puppies are at risk for several serious diseases. Take a moment to learn a little about them, the threat they pose to your pet, and the Merial vaccines that may protect your furry loved one.
ImRab® 3 TF - Patterson Veterinary
ImRab® 3 TF MERIAL LTD. See My Price. Description. Recommended for the vaccination of healthy cats, dogs, and ferrets 12 weeks of age and older for prevention of disease due to rabies virus; Contains the same virus strain that is used in the pasteur merieux connaught human vaccine;
Hospitalization after Merial Rabisin rabies vaccine ...
I would like to inform you about a case of severe side effects after ,Merial Rabisin rabies vaccine. Chihuahua breed dog (a very small breed) weighs 2.6 kg before rabies vaccination received on 31.10.14. *** 2.3 years, usually healthy, has all the series of vaccinations, eat quality food, always is monitored and walk with lead.
IMRAB 3 TF for Animal Use - Drugs.com
Learn about IMRAB 3 TF for animal usage including: active ingredients, directions for use, precautions, and storage information. ... Merial Rabies Vaccine. ... IMRAB ® 3 TF is recommended for the vaccination of healthy cats, dogs, and ferrets 12 weeks of age and older for prevention of disease due to rabies virus.
Does Your Dog's Vaccine Contain Thimerosal?
You know the rabies vaccine is one of the most dangerous vaccines you can give your dog. But unfortunately, if you live in the United States or parts of Canada, the rabies vaccine is required by law. Maybe you try to mitigate the potential by asking for a thimerosal-free vaccine because you know ...
Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica
Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica animal health website. In addition to a broad portfolio of products and vaccines, Boehringer Ingelheim provides strong leadership in the animal health industry by providing numerous innovations spanning diagnostics collaboration, disease management tools, and other industry support and education opportunities.
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